Laboratory Tests to Determine the “Consequences of an Explosion (Explosion Severity)”
 “爆炸后果（爆炸烈度）”的实验室测试

Maximum Explosion Pressure, Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise, Explosion Severity (Kst Value) (ASTM E 1226) 最大爆炸压力，最大压力上升速率，爆炸烈度(Kst Value) (ASTM E 1226)
The maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise are measured and used to calculate the explosion severity (Kst) value of the dust cloud.  These data can be used for the purpose of designing dust explosion protection measures such as explosion relief venting, suppression, and containment. 最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率被用来测量和计算粉尘的爆炸烈度Kst。这些数据可用于设计粉尘爆炸防护措施如泄爆、抑爆、耐爆等装置。

BASIS OF SAFETY FROM DUST CLOUD EXPLOSIONS
粉尘云爆炸的安全基本要求

Dust cloud explosion risk management could include taking measures to avoid an explosion (explosion prevention) or designing facilities and equipment so that in the event of an explosion people and facilities are protected (explosion protection).  Selection of explosion prevention and/or protection measures is usually based on: 粉尘云爆炸风险管理包括采取避免爆炸（防爆）发生、采用设施和设备的设计在发生爆炸时减少对员工和设备（防爆）的损害。如何选择防爆措施通常是基于以下几点：

- How much information is available on the sensitivity of the powder(s) to ignition and the resulting explosion severity,
- 关于粉尘对点火源的感度和粉尘的爆炸烈度的相关资料的熟识程度
- The nature of the processes and operations,
- 过程和操作的性质
- The level of personnel’s knowledge and appreciation regarding the consequences of a potential dust explosion and adherence to the preventive measures, 
- 员工对可能存在的粉尘爆炸后果了解程度和鉴别能力，以及遵守预防措施的自觉性
- Effects of an explosion on personnel, environment, and the business.
- 爆炸对人员，环境，和业务的影响
 
Explosion Prevention Measures
防爆措施

The risk of an explosion is reduced when one of the following measures is taken:
采取了以下措施后，爆炸的风险可以降低：
- Inert Gas Blanketing - The atmosphere is sufficiently depleted of oxidant (normally the oxygen in air) so that it cannot support combustion
- 惰性气体保护--将空气中的氧气除去（通常是空气中的氧），使燃烧无法继续
- Avoidance of dust - An explosible dust cloud is never allowed to form by proper plant design, application of exhaust ventilation, and housekeeping
- 避免灰尘-通过适当的设计，通过排气通风以及清洁来避免爆炸性粉尘云产生。
- Avoidance of Ignition Sources - All ignition sources capable of igniting the dust cloud are identified and removed or effectively controlled.
- 避免火源-所有能点燃粉尘云的点火源被辨识并消除或得到有效控制。

If an explosible atmosphere cannot be prevented and/or all sources of ignition cannot be reasonably excluded, then the possibility of a dust cloud explosion persists.  Under such conditions explosion protection measures should be taken to protect people and minimize damage to facilities.  It should be noted that explosion protection measures should be considered in addition to taking all reasonable steps to reduce the possibility of formation/spread of dust clouds and exclude ignition sources.  Explosion Protection measures include:
如果一个具有爆炸性的大气环境不能被阻止形成或无法排除所有可能的点火源，那么爆炸仍有可能发生。在这种情况下应采取措施，保护员工和设备，尽量减少损失。应该指出的是，爆炸防护措施不包括减少爆炸性粉尘云产生和传播可能性的措施，以及排除点火源的措施。

- Explosion Containment - Equipment is constructed to withstand the maximum explosion pressure resulting from the deflagration of the dust that is present within the process,
- 耐爆-设备应当设计成能够承受工业过程中粉尘爆燃产生的最大爆炸压力
- Explosion Relief Venting - Relieving the explosion products (pressure and flame) from the equipment to a safe location,
- 泄爆-将爆炸中的爆炸产物（压力和火焰）释放到安全地点
- Explosion Suppression - Detecting an explosion at an early stage and suppressing it with a suitable suppressant,
- 抑爆-在早期阶段检测出爆炸的发生，使用合适的抑制剂控制爆炸
- Explosion Isolation - Dust explosions can propagate through pipes, chutes, conveyors, etc.  Regardless of what type of explosion protection measure is considered, the dust cloud explosion should be prevented from propagating from the location where it originates to other locations in the plant.  This is referred to as “Explosion Isolation”.  The first step in isolating an explosion is to avoid unnecessary connections.  Additionally, barriers may need to be created in the path of the explosion to protect personnel and facility. 
- 爆炸隔离-粉尘爆炸可以通过管道，输送槽等传播，不论什么类型的防爆措施，应防止爆炸从原发地传播到其他地方。这被称之为“隔爆”。隔离爆炸的第一步是避免不必要的连接。此外，可能需要在爆炸传播路径中设置障碍物来保护员工和设备